When they examined the evidence, Hickey and Roberts found background evidence for Pauling's ideas from independent scientific and medical reports, covering half a century. If he was wrong, his hypotheses should be easy to refute. Among his many scientific advances, Pauling had made occasional errors: perhaps he had done the same with vitamin C.
Pauling had stated that the substance could cure cancer and that shortage was the major cause of heart disease. Taking note of this inconsistency, Drs Steve Hickey and Hilary Roberts decided to investigate the data for a book ("Ascorbate, the science of vitamin C", They began by looking at the apparently ludicrous claims for the medical effects of vitamin C. Either the clinical reports of the efficacy of high doses were incorrect, or the NIH experimental work was flawed. These reports continued, particularly in the fields of heart disease, infections and cancer, contradicting the NIH conclusions. However, clinical reports of the utility of high dose vitamin C had been repeated in the literature for over 50 years. If the body could be saturated at low doses, the argument went, higher doses were simply a waste or even potentially dangerous. From this point on, the high dose vitamin C lobby were on the defensive. They added that doses higher than one gram were potentially dangerous. In particular, the NIH measured the distribution of vitamin C in the body and claimed that Pauling was wrong about the need for high doses, as the blood could be saturated at low doses.
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Since Pauling's death, the medical establishment has reclaimed the scientific position with a series of experiments on vitamin C. He took on the medical establishment because the implication for health was enormous: an end to premature death and unnecessary suffering from heart disease, infection and many cancers. Pauling battled with the medical authorities and convinced a lot of the public of the benefits of high dose vitamin C. He may well have been years ahead in other fields but, in medicine, the insiders considered such a thing to be impossible.
Linus Pauling had a reputation for being 20 years ahead of other scientists. This sounded so unlikely that a lesser scientist making the claim would probably have been ignored the medical world had already disregarded similar reports of vitamin C. If Pauling was correct, vitamin C could help overcome the major killers in the industrialised world. However, when he explained these findings in his wonderfully constructed books "Vitamin C and the Common Cold" and "How to Live Longer and Feel Better", the medical profession was incensed, implying that a mere chemist could not possibly understand the intricacies of medical science. This research suggested that high doses of vitamin C might be a cure for many illnesses, including cancer and heart disease. When Pauling looked into Stone's claims, he found that conventional medicine had long ignored evidence from respected physicians and scientists. In humans, the gene for this ability has mutated and no longer works properly. Most animals make their own vitamin C, in large amounts. Irwin Stone first introduced Pauling to vitamin C, and explained that it wasn't really a vitamin at all, but an essential substance we could no longer manufacture in our bodies. By the time of his death, the medical establishment had branded Pauling a quack, because he advocated the use of high doses of vitamin C to treat many diseases. In addition to being one of the greatest scientists ever, he was a renowned humanitarian. He remains the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes, the first for Chemistry (1954) and the second for peace (1962). He was, after all, the leading chemist of the last century and, arguably, the greatest ever American scientist. Given his history, it should not surprise us if Pauling was right all along. Now, ten years after his death on 19th August 1994, his revolutionary ideas are finally on the way to vindication. His remarkable health claims concerned the substance we know as vitamin C. Linus Pauling's claim, that he knew a cure for heart disease, cancer and infections, was greeted with ridicule. The weight of evidence may yet force the medical establishment to accept his ideas on nutrition and health.
Summary It is the 10th anniversary of the death of Linus Pauling and his most controversial scientific conjectures about the health benefits of vitamin C are being confirmed. Here is an article written by Dr Hilary Roberts about Linus Pauling and his views on vitamin C.
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